A faster way to amend a git commit
tldr: git amend-to <REF>.
The problem
The way I’ve grown to use git is to iteratively build up a collection, typically 2 to 4, commits as I work.
I know the goal I am working towards may be best describes as a few distinct commits.
This work flow requires me to amend commits behind HEAD fairly often.
In the past I had two ways of achieving this.
The first method I’ve used since my early days of git is to use git stash and interactive rebase.
This way does work, but involves a fair amount of trying and ruins any flow that you may have had going.
git add <chagens to be amended>
git stash
git rebase -i <some REF before the commit to be amended>
# < mark commit for editing >
git stash pop
git commit --amend
git rebase --contineThis is cumbersome. This is slow. It feels like there should be a better way.
A few months ago I decided there must be a better way.
I began to just mark the changes I wanted to amend to a previews commit as a fixup be making a quick git commit -m "f: <some description that lets me know what is being fixed up>".
I could continue to do this, working for a while without ever having my find drift to far.
Then after a while I could do another interactive rebase and if I was good with naming everything, could reorder the commits and set the commits starting with f: to be fixedup.
This worked ok, sometimes, until it didn’t. I would forget which commit each fixup was associated with, causing me to end up with commits that were not atomic.
This work flow failed me due to my inability to reconcile conflicts. Some commit that was being fixed up would have a conflict, and it would always seem to snowball out of control.
The quest for a better amend
I knew there had to be a better way. This past weekend I set some time aside to explicitly look for a solution to the problem.
As I alluded to above my work flow is now as follows.
git add <changes to be amended to a commit>
git amend-to <^y> # hit control + y on the keyboard
# choose a commit from a list
> git amend-to abcde123
# commit has been amended toThis magic is a combination of a git alias and a zsh widget.
the git alias
Here is the alias amend-to that I use.
amend-to = "!f() { git commit --fixup \"$1\" && GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true git rebase --interactive --autosquash \"$1^\";}; f"The magic of this alias is the GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR.
The excerpts of the man pages are duplicated below.
Committing with --fixup words the commit to be compatible with --autosquash.
Adding --autosquash will reorder the rebase todo list and place the fixup’s in the proper place.
This alone would be a significant improvement to the work flow.
Setting GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=true will suppress the instruction sheet completely by exiting immediately with an exit code of 0.
This provides a zero interaction amend to any commit, assuming no conflicts.
Now if a conflict does arise only dealing with a single change is easer to shepard though.
> man git-config
-----8<------
sequence.editor
Text editor used by git rebase -i for editing the rebase instruction file.
The value is meant to be interpreted by the shell when it is used. It can be
overridden by the GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR environment variable. When not
configured the default commit message editor is used instead.
-----8<------> man git-commit
--fixup=<commit>
Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash. The commit
message will be the subject line from the specified commit with a prefix of
"fixup! ". See git-rebase(1) for details.> man git-rebase
--autosquash, --no-autosquash
When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or "fixup! ..."), and
there is already a commit in the todo list that matches the same ...,
automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i so that the commit marked for
squashing comes right after the commit to be modified, and change the action
of the moved commit from pick to squash (or fixup). A commit matches the ...
if the commit subject matches, or if the ... refers to the commit’s hash. As
a fall-back, partial matches of the commit subject work, too. The recommended
way to create fixup/squash commits is by using the --fixup/--squash options of
git-commit(1).This alias is fully functionally.
You do need to look up commit hashes manually.
You need to be constancy referencing git log and copy and pasting.
With the history being rewritten you are unable to rerun the same command from history to edit the same logical commit.
The zsh widget
To avoid all this work, I’ve written a small zsh widget that allows me to interactively select a commit form a list after hitting <ctrl>y.
I’ve been a big fan of fzf using it for finding file within vim since at least Feb 2006.
By piping in the results of git log into fzf I can easily select a commit to amend to.
fzf_pick_git_commit() {
# I've already put a lot of time into my `git lg` alias an am very
# familiar with how it looks. I am just reusing most of the logic here.
# I force `--color` becuase git will output this without color by
# default.
LOG_LINE=$(git log --color --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%G?-%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' | fzf --ansi)
# as the git commit ref is the first item in the line, split at the
# first space and take the first argument.
echo -n "$LOG_LINE" | cut -d' ' -f1 | tr -d $'\n'
}This zsh function just echo’s out the git REF, which is not quite what I need.
I need that value to be inserted into the ZSH input environment.
This is done by adding the commit value to the end of the cursor position by appending to LBUFFER.
_zle_pick_git_commit() {
COMMIT=$(fzf_pick_git_commit)
LBUFFER=$LBUFFER$COMMIT
}To enable the zsh binding I create a zsh widget.
zle -N _zle_pick_git_commit
bindkey '^y' _zle_pick_git_commitAll together
A nicer way to work.
External resources
Like almost everything I do, its on the shoulders of giants. Here are some posts I discovered that led me to my final solution, in no specific order.